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排序方式: 共有1265条查询结果,搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
Nonparametric spline regression with prior information 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Determinants of Land Degradation and Fragmentation in Semiarid Vegetation at Landscape Scale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yolanda Pueyo Concepción L. Alados Olivia Barrantes 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2006,15(3):939-956
The objective of this paper was to investigate the sensitivity to degradation of semiarid plant communities in terms of plant
cover and fragmentation, quantifying relationships between landscape characteristic (physical, socio-economical and historical)
and vegetation degradation. The degradation of vegetation was measured as the degree of coverage of the two dominant vegetation
types (i.e. tall arid brush and tall grass steppe), while fragmentation was measured as patch size and isolation. Data were
obtained using GIS tools, and analyzed by logistic regression and linear multivariate regression. Results showed denser coverage
at more elevated, gradual slopes that were not sea-oriented. Historical elements of the landscape had a significant effect
on current natural vegetation. According to the fragmentation patterns, the vegetation is in fairly good condition (medium
coverage had the largest patches but dense coverage was less isolated) but attention must be given to preserve vegetation,
due to the relationships between fragmentation and human activities. Moreover, the protection plan under way in the area appeared
to favour denser vegetation cover, while human activities had a measurable effect on vegetation degradation. 相似文献
5.
Sex ratios under asymmetrical local mate competition in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sex ratio theory has proved remarkably useful in testing theadaptive nature of animal behavior. A particularly productivearea in this respect is Hamilton's theory of local mate competition(LMC), which has been extended in numerous directions to includegreater biological realism, allowing more detailed tests inspecific organisms. We have presented one such extension, termedasymmetrical LMC, which occurs when egg laying by females ona patch is asynchronous, and emerging males do not disperse,resulting in the extent of LMC on a patch varying over time.Our aim here is to test whether the parasitoid wasp Nasoniavitripennis responds to variation in the degree of asymmetricalLMC. Specifically, we show that females adjust their offspringsex ratios in response to (1) variation in the amount of asynchronyin emergence between broods on a patch and (2) the number andproportion of previously parasitized hosts on the patch. Ourresults provide qualitative support for the predictions of theory,suggesting new levels of complexity in the sex ratio behaviorof this much-studied organism. However, our results do not alwaysprovide quantitative support for theory, suggesting furthercomplexities that must be clarified. 相似文献
6.
CRISTIAN R. ALTABA 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》1993,107(1):73-90
Whole-animal anatomy is used in a cladistic analysis of five genera of brackish-water hydrobiids living in the western Atlantic. Antillobia margalefi gen. & sp. nov. (Hydrobiidae: Littoridininae) is described based on specimens from Lago Enriquillo, an inland saline lake in the Dominican Republic. The topology ( Hydrobia ( Spurwinkia ( Heleobia ( Heleobops ( Antillobia ))))) is considerably better than any alternative. Among 27 characters and a total of 39 character states used in the analysis, only two convergences are detected, and these involve the genitalia. Detailed anatomical data are shown to be necessary to assess relationships in the presence of constraints on morphological evolution imposed by a very small size. 相似文献
7.
N. Mielenz 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1984,26(1):1-12
In this paper the problem of unistage selection with inequality constraints is formulated. If the predictor and criterion variables are all normally distributed, this problem can be written as a convex programming problem, with a linear objective function and with linear constraints and a quadratic constraint. Using the duality theory, for convex nonlinear programming it is proved, that its dual problem can be transformed into a convex minimization problem with non-negativity conditions. Good computational methods are known for solving this problem. By the help of the dual problem sufficient conditions for a solution of the original primal problem are derived and illustrated by an example of practical interest. 相似文献
8.
Abstract. 1. Parasitism of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw. (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), on red cedar was studied at Manassas, Va., U.S.A.
2. Fifteen parasitoids, five of which were hyperparasitoids, attacked the pupal stage of the bagworm. The Ichneumonid Itoplectis conquisitor alone accounted for 58% of the parasitized bagworms.
3. Parasitism by I conquisitor (Say) was inversely related to host size, but independent of host distribution within a tree. Male bagworms experienced disproportionately higher levels of parasitism than females. We conclude that it is small size that renders bagworms susceptible to parasitism rather than sex per se.
4. Ovipositor lengths of I.conquisitor were insufficient to penetrate the larger bagworm hosts (>57 mm); and in fact, as bagworm size increased, the proportion of the I.conquisitor population capable of penetrating the pupa declined abruptly. We suggest that the mechanical difficulties with oviposition, and perhaps the defensive capabilities of larger hosts, are responsible for the relationship between host size and per cent parasitism.
5. I.conquisitor could be an important selective agent for bagworm size at pupation, but it is not likely to act as a significant control agent of population density. 相似文献
2. Fifteen parasitoids, five of which were hyperparasitoids, attacked the pupal stage of the bagworm. The Ichneumonid Itoplectis conquisitor alone accounted for 58% of the parasitized bagworms.
3. Parasitism by I conquisitor (Say) was inversely related to host size, but independent of host distribution within a tree. Male bagworms experienced disproportionately higher levels of parasitism than females. We conclude that it is small size that renders bagworms susceptible to parasitism rather than sex per se.
4. Ovipositor lengths of I.conquisitor were insufficient to penetrate the larger bagworm hosts (>57 mm); and in fact, as bagworm size increased, the proportion of the I.conquisitor population capable of penetrating the pupa declined abruptly. We suggest that the mechanical difficulties with oviposition, and perhaps the defensive capabilities of larger hosts, are responsible for the relationship between host size and per cent parasitism.
5. I.conquisitor could be an important selective agent for bagworm size at pupation, but it is not likely to act as a significant control agent of population density. 相似文献
9.
研究了玉米叶片中层基本分生组织3个相邻细胞形成主脉原形成层及维管束鞘(BS)的早期发育过程和超微结构。结果表明,在由3个相邻细胞组成的3-细胞单元中,位于中间的细胞发生2次平周分裂,产生1个较小的和1个较大的细胞,前者分化为近轴端BS细胞前体,后者再发生1次不均等平周分裂产生1个远轴端BS细胞前体和1个原形成层起始细胞;位于两侧的细胞其中有1个也发生1次平周分裂,所产生的2个子细胞与另1个侧向细胞 相似文献
10.
Paula Arribas Josefa Velasco Pedro Abellán David Sánchez‐Fernández Carmelo Andújar Piero Calosi Andrés Millán Ignacio Ribera David T. Bilton 《Journal of Biogeography》2012,39(5):984-994
Aim In aquatic ecosystems, standing (lentic) and running (lotic) waters differ fundamentally in their stability and persistence, shaping the comparative population genetic structure, geographical range size and speciation rates of lentic versus lotic lineages. While the drivers of this pattern remain incompletely understood, the suite of traits making up the ability of a species to establish new populations is instrumental in determining such differences. Here we explore the degree to which the association between habitat type and geographical range size results from differences in dispersal ability or fundamental niche breadth in the members of the Enochrus bicolor complex, an aquatic beetle clade with species across the lentic–lotic divide. Location Western Mediterranean, with a special focus on North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. Methods DNA sequences for four loci were obtained from species of the E. bicolor complex and analysed using phylogenetic inference. Dispersal and establishment abilities were assessed in lentic–lotic species pairs of the complex, using flight wing morphometrics and thermal tolerance ranges as surrogates, respectively. Results There were clear differences in range size between the lotic and lentic taxa of the complex, which appears to have had a lotic origin with two transitions to standing waters. Only small differences were observed in temperature tolerance and acclimation ability between the two lotic–lentic sister species studied. By contrast, wing morphometrics revealed clear, consistent differences between lotic and lentic Enochrus species pairs, the latter having a higher dispersal capacity. Main conclusions We hypothesize that there have been two habitat shifts from lotic to lentic waters, which have allowed marked expansions in geographical range size in western Mediterranean species of the E. bicolor complex. Differences in dispersal rather than in establishment ability appear to underlie differences in geographical range extent, as transitions to lentic waters were associated with changes in wing morphology, but not in thermal tolerance range. In this lineage of water beetles, selection for dispersal in geologically short‐lived lentic systems has driven the evolution of larger range sizes in lentic taxa compared with those of their lotic relatives. 相似文献